India has a strong network of science and technology institutions and trained manpower. It has the third-largest scientific and technical manpower in the world. As of August 2020, there were ~950 universities in the country. India’s gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) has been consistently increasing over the years. India’s GERD as a percentage of GDP stood at 0.86% in 2020. India’s medical technology (MedTech) sector is forecast to reach US$ 7.8 billion in 2020 and US$ 9.6 billion in 2022.
India is among the top-ranking countries in the field of basic research. India stood third in the number of science and engineering publications in the world.
India’s gross expenditure in R&D was forecast to reach US$ 96.50 billion in 2020. India moved up to the fifth rank in Global R&D Funding Forecast 2020. By 2022, R&D expenditure is targeted to reach at least two per cent of the country’s GDP. In the Union Budget for FY20, the Government announced the setting up of the National Research Foundation for R&D.
In total 1,494 Indians were listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world.
India stands among the top 50 countries in the Global Innovation Index 2020. It ranked 48th moving up four places since 2019.
In September 2020, Remedial Action, Knowledge Skimming, and Holistic Analysis of COVID-19 (RAKSHAK) became a part of the Technology Innovation Hub (TIH) in IIT, Jodhpur. The various projects under RAKSHAK include developing a technology platform based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) to mitigate situations arising amid/due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
On September 22, 2020, Rajya Sabha passed the Indian Institutes of Information Technology Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2020 to provide knowledge in the field of Information Technology to offer solutions to challenges faced by the country.
In Union Budget 2020-21, the Government has announced the allocation of Rs 6,302 crore (US$ 901.70 million) to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Rs 2,787 crore (US$ 398.77 million) to the Department of Biotechnology, and Rs 5,385 crore (US$ 770.50 million) to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
In October 2020, in line with Atmanirbhar Bharat to achieve complete self-reliance, C-DAC signed an MoU with National Supercomputing Mission Host Institutes to establish supercomputing infrastructure in various premier institutions across India and accelerate the pace of research and innovation using computational science techniques.
In October 2020, the Department of Science & Technology (DST) and IBM India announced collaborations to scale two DST initiatives—Vigyan Jyoti and Engage with Science (Vigyan Prasar)—that are aimed to increase the number of women working in technology fields.
Practical Implications & Cloud Modernization Strategy
Migrating core commercial applications and legacy workloads into modern hyperscale cloud architectures requires a phased modernization strategy that balances execution speed with disciplined financial governance across the entire corporate portfolio. Enterprise architects must perform rigorous dependency mapping to determine optimal workload placement—evaluating managed containerized runtimes, cloud-native serverless functions, and dedicated software-as-a-service platforms against strict latency, security, and sovereignty requirements. Implementing automated infrastructure-as-code pipelines, standardized policy definitions, and centralized identity enforcement guarantees enterprise landing zones maintain robust architectural governance, predictable system performance, and strict regulatory adherence across dynamic production environments.
Long-term modernization success fundamentally hinges on mature cloud financial operations (FinOps) and continuous platform performance optimization across multidisciplinary engineering and finance teams. Establishing live telemetry dashboards, automated workload elasticity policies, and rigorous capacity planning mechanisms empowers infrastructure managers to eliminate redundant resource consumption while scaling compute dynamically to meet volatile commercial demand. Organizations that deliberately align cloud modernization milestones with measurable strategic business outcomes consistently accelerate digital release velocity, elevate operational reliability, and unlock superior stakeholder value from modern enterprise technology investments. This structured alignment provides the operational stability required for enduring digital maturity.
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